Modification and ionic stimulation of hollow fiber membrane by electric field for water treatment

Hollow fiber membrane (HF) is considered one of the prevalent materials for water treatment; its effectiveness is controlled by permeation and mechanical characteristics. In this study, HF membrane surface was stimulated using electrochemical technique, where binary system of stainless steel cylinder and graphite rod electrodes was used into electrolytic solution of sodium acetate 0.1 M as electrolyte. Two pH of acidic medium (pH = 3.5) and alkaline medium (pH = 8.5) were prepared and different potential between 2 and 10 V were applied. EDX analysis of HF membrane surface revealed the formation of sodium ions on the surface of HF membrane with maximum content of Na⁺ ions 1.84%. Also, HF membrane surface showed variation of roughness (R _a) as, HF membrane surface may undergo distortion by using aggressive conditions of high electric potential (7.5–10 V), The measured raw HF membrane (R _a) was 34.8 nm, while, after electrochemical modification in alkaline medium R _a showed higher values 36, 37, and 41 nm using 2, 2.5, and 5 V, respectively. While, after electrochemical modification in acidic medium (R _a) showed 35, 39, 42, 49, 52 nm for 2, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 V, respectively. Moreover, tensile strength Young's modulus, break stress and break strain were measured after electrochemical modification in both acidic and alkaline mediums and maximum porosity value 76.84% was observed after 30 min in acidic medium.     

Strength retention in scheelite coated SiC fibers: Effect of the gas composition and pre-heat treatment

Scheelite coating was deposited on SiC fiber tows from various liquid-phase precursors at 1100℃. Strength degradation of SiC fiber was found after fiber coating which was found to be caused by the stress corrosion as a result of gases generated from the decomposition of by-products remaining in the coating. A new and simple method of low temperature pre-heat treatment was adopted to eliminate the stress corrosion in the fiber coating process and to isolate the effect of different types of gases on the stress corrosion cracking of fibers. The tensile strength and fractography of samples with and without pre-heat treatment were compared. Furthermore, the effect of gas composition on the strength degradation of SiC fiber was also investigated through the control experiments.     

硅烷偶联剂改性玻璃纤维增强硅气凝胶的研究

为了达到增强硅气凝胶力学性能的目的,采用硅烷偶联剂KH550与KH560二步改性接枝玻璃纤维,进而制备纤维增强硅气凝胶。利用扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱仪、比表面及孔径分布仪、热重-差热分析仪、导热系数仪、电子动静态疲劳试验机等对其表征。实验结果表明：硅烷偶联剂改性玻璃纤维与硅气凝胶复合后网络结构更加均匀、骨架强度更加稳定、孔径多在30 nm以下、具有良好的热稳定性;同时,改性玻璃纤维的最佳添加量为20%（质量分数）,此时其密度为0.167 g/cm³,导热系数为0.018 5 W/（m·K）,接触角为127°,抗弯强度为1.042 MPa,抗压强度为0.669 MPa,达到预期实验目的。     

纺粘非织造聚合物拉伸模型初探

为探究纺粘非织造工艺中工艺参数对纤维最终直径的影响,文章基于纺粘非织造聚合物拉伸过程,构建了纺粘非织造聚合物拉伸理论模型,并应用MATLAB对模型进行数值计算。同时,选取纺粘工艺参数中的气流初始速度、聚合物初始温度、聚合物质量流量3个因素,通过控制变量法比较观察不同方案下经过数值求解后得到的纤维直径,得出3个因素分别对纤维最终直径的影响。结果表明,气流初始速度越大,聚合物初始温度越高,聚合物质量流量越小,最终形成的纤维直径越细。     

Two-step method to deposit ZrO2 coating on carbon fiber: Preparation,characterization, and performance in SiC composites

Recently, ceramic matrix composites reinforced by short carbon fibers (CFs) attracted increasing attentions. To further improve mechanical properties and oxidation resistances, CFs were subjected to oxidation and acidification followed by sol-gel dip-coating to deposit ZrO₂ on their surfaces. ZrO₂-C_f/SiC composites were fabricated by joint hot compression molding and sintering, compared to C_f/SiC and SiC prepared by the same method. Microstructural analyses indicated that ZrO₂ coatings were successfully deposited on CF surfaces, formed strong bonding and interfaces between CF and the matrix. Meanwhile, CFs were found uniformly distributed in SiC matrix with random orientations. Flexural curves of ZrO₂-C_f/SiC and C_f/SiC revealed the presence of “false plasticity” regions after sharp drops, which were quite different from brittle flexural behavior of SiC ceramic. Compression strength of the three samples showed step-up growth. ZrO₂-C_f/SiC exhibited the highest value, indicating the introduction of CFs and ZrO₂ coatings do have great influence on mechanical performances. After heat treatment, ZrO₂-C_f/SiC exhibited better oxidation resistance than C_f/SiC, with weight loss ratios estimated to ??3.76% and ??6.43%, respectively. These improved properties indicated that ZrO₂-C_f/SiC would be excellent alternatives to other existence materials under ultra-high temperature environments.     

Tough salami-inspired Cf/ZrB2 UHTCMCs produced by electrophoretic deposition

One of the biggest challenges of the materials science is the mutual exclusion of strength and toughness. This issue was minimized by mimicking the natural structural materials. To date, few efforts were done regarding materials that should be used in harsh environments. In this work we present novel continuous carbon fiber reinforced ultra-high-temperature ceramic matrix composites (UHTCMCs) for aerospace featuring optimized fiber/matrix interfaces and fibers distribution. The microstructures – produced by electrophoretic deposition of ZrB₂ on unidirectional carbon fibers followed by ZrB₂ infiltration and hot pressing – show a maximum flexural strength and fracture toughness of 330 MPa and 14 MPa m^1/2, respectively. Fracture surfaces are investigated to understand the mechanisms that affect strength and toughness. The EPD technique allows the achievement of a peculiar salami-inspired architecture alternating strong and weak interfaces.     

The effects of processing parameters on the morphology of PLA/PEG melt electrospun fibers

Electrospinning of a polymer melt is an ideal technique to produce highly porous nanofibrous or microfibrous scaffolds appropriate for biomedical applications. In recent decades, melt electrospinning has been known as an eco‐friendly procedure as it eliminates the cytotoxic effects of the solvents used in solution electrospinning. In this work, the effects of spinning conditions such as temperature, applied voltage, nozzle to collector distance and collector type as well as polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration on the diameter of melt electrospun polylactic acid (PLA)/PEG fibers were studied. The thermal stability of PLA/PEG blends was monitored through TGA and rheometry. Morphological investigations were carried out via optical and scanning electron microscopy. Based on the results, blends were almost stable over the temperature range of melt electrospinning (170 ? 230 °C) and a short spinning time of 5 min. To obtain non‐woven meshes with uniform fiber morphologies, experimental parameters were optimized using ANOVA. While increasing the temperature, applied voltage and PEG content resulted in thinner fibers, PEG concentration was the most influential factor on the fiber diameter. In addition, a nozzle to collector distance of 10 cm was found to be the most suitable for preparing uniform non‐woven PLA/PEG meshes. At higher PEG concentrations, alterations in the collector distance did not affect the uniformity of fibers, although at lower distances vigorous bending instabilities due to polarity augmentation and viscosity reduction resulted in curly fibrous meshes. Finally, the finest and submicron scale fibers were obtained through melt electrospinning of PLA/PEG (70/30) blend collected on a metallic frame. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

玻璃纤维增强聚丙烯微孔注塑发泡成型

对不同填充形式下的3种聚丙烯(PP)进行Mucell微孔注射成型试验。根据扫描电镜(SEM)结果得出:3种PP发泡差别较大且出现了明显的分层现象。通过单因素四水平试验法,考察了在微孔注射成型过程中3种PP的熔体温度和注射速度对制品拉伸强度的影响。结果表明:随着熔体温度的增加,发泡材料的拉伸强度基本呈现上升趋势;较低的注射速度得到的样条残余玻纤长度较长,材料力学性能较好;进而得到了发泡样条的宏观力学性能与残余玻纤长度之间的关系。     

低温水等离子体活化和表面接枝DMAE聚氯乙烯中空纤维膜研究

采用低温水等离子体技术，在三通道聚氯乙烯(PVC)膜表面接枝了甲基丙烯氧基苄基二甲基氯化铵(DMAE)单体，增强了膜亲水和抗菌性能。通过红外分析，表明DMAE成功接枝到了PVC膜上，水通量提高两倍，PVC-ir-H₂O膜(通过水等离子体处理的膜)对牛血清蛋白(BSA)的吸附能力下降67%，对BSA溶液的通量从7.7提高至40 kg?m^-2?h^-1，并且对BSA的截留能力不变。通过静态及动态抗菌实验，接枝后的PVC膜（PVC-g-PMAE膜）抗菌率达到100%，膜组件运行中的抗菌率也达到82%以上。在保证细菌截留率100%的同时，其渗透通量提高三倍。该膜表面修饰工程技术能实现膜表面的均一化改性，且绿色环保、操作简便、成本低，改性膜在饮用水处理领域，尤其是家用净水器中展现了很好的应用前景。